What are Haemostatic Dressings

Haemostatic Dressings: A Vital Tool in Bleeding Control

Introduction

In emergency medical situations, controlling bleeding quickly and effectively is critical. Haemostatic dressings have revolutionised the way bleeding is managed, particularly in pre-hospital, trauma, and surgical settings. These specialised dressings accelerate clot formation and help stabilise patients until further medical intervention can be provided.

What Are Haemostatic Dressings?

Haemostatic dressings are advanced wound care products designed to stop bleeding by promoting rapid blood clotting. They contain agents that enhance the body’s natural coagulation process, making them highly effective in managing moderate to severe haemorrhage. These dressings are commonly used by first responders, military personnel, and healthcare professionals.

How Do Haemostatic Dressings Work?

Haemostatic dressings function by:

• Absorbing excess fluid: Some dressings use materials like chitosan or kaolin to extract plasma and concentrate clotting factors at the wound site.
• Enhancing clot formation: Certain haemostatic agents interact with blood platelets to speed up clot development.
• Creating a physical barrier: The dressing provides pressure and stabilisation, reducing further blood loss.

Types of Haemostatic Dressings

There are several types of haemostatic dressings available, including:

1. Chitosan-Based Dressings – Made from a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from shellfish, chitosan dressings promote clotting and have antimicrobial properties.
2. Kaolin-Based Dressings – Infused with kaolin, a mineral that activates clotting factors, these dressings are widely used in trauma care.
3. Collagen-Based Dressings – These help initiate platelet aggregation and support the body's clotting mechanisms.

When Should Haemostatic Dressings Be Used?

Haemostatic dressings should be used in situations where severe bleeding cannot be controlled through traditional methods such as direct pressure alone. They are particularly effective in:

• Deep Wounds and Lacerations – When bleeding is profuse and direct pressure is insufficient.
• Traumatic Injuries – Including gunshot wounds, stab wounds, or shrapnel injuries.
• Emergency and Pre-Hospital Care – Used by first responders and military medics to stabilise patients before they reach medical facilities.
• Remote and Wilderness Medicine – When immediate medical assistance is unavailable. 

When Should Haemostatic Dressings Not Be Used?

Although highly effective in many situations, haemostatic dressings should not be used in certain cases, including:

• Superficial or Minor Wounds – Small cuts and abrasions that can be controlled with standard dressings do not require haemostatic agents.
• Eye Injuries – These dressings should not be used in or around the eyes to prevent potential damage.
• Internal Bleeding – Haemostatic dressings are ineffective for internal haemorrhage and should not be used for internal organ injuries.

How to Use Haemostatic Dressings

Proper application of haemostatic dressings is crucial for effective bleeding control. Follow these steps:

1. Assess the wound – Determine the severity of the bleeding and ensure that a haemostatic dressing is appropriate for the injury.
2. Apply direct pressure – Press firmly on the wound to slow bleeding before applying the dressing.
3. Pack the wound – If the wound is deep, pack the haemostatic dressing directly into the wound cavity to maximize clotting.
4. Hold pressure – Maintain firm, continuous pressure for at least 3–5 minutes to allow clot formation.
5. Secure the dressing – Use a bandage or dressing wrap to keep the haemostatic dressing in place.
6. Monitor and seek further medical assistance – Haemostatic dressings provide temporary bleeding control; professional medical treatment is still required as soon as possible.

Applications of Haemostatic Dressings

Haemostatic dressings are invaluable in a variety of situations, such as:

• Emergency and Trauma Care: Used by paramedics, military medics, and first responders to control severe bleeding in pre-hospital settings.
• Military and Tactical Medicine: Essential in battlefield medicine, haemostatic dressings help control haemorrhage in combat zones.
• First Aid and Remote Medicine: These dressings are included in first aid kits for hikers, outdoor adventurers, and those in remote locations where immediate medical help may not be available.

Conclusion

Haemostatic dressings are a crucial innovation in bleeding management, saving lives in both emergency and surgical scenarios. Their ability to quickly control haemorrhage makes them an indispensable tool for healthcare providers, emergency responders, and even civilians in high-risk environments. Knowing how to properly use a haemostatic dressing, when to apply it, and when to avoid it can make all the difference in a life-threatening situation.